肺动脉瓣关闭不全

肺动脉瓣功能不全导致舒张期血液从肺动脉干病理性反流至右心室。

定义

肺动脉瓣关闭不全,其特征为舒张期血液从肺动脉干逆向反流进入右心室,继发于先天性病因(瓣膜切开术后、法洛四联症根治术后)、特发性瓣环扩张或心内膜炎,在无严重肺动脉高压的情况下引起进行性右心室容量负荷过重 [C4] [C5] [V3] [G23-03]。

严重程度标准

  • 轻度(L):起源处反流束宽度 < 右室流出道(RVOT)的 25 %;缩流颈(VC)无法测出或极窄;压力半降时间(PHT)> 100 ms;多普勒减速斜率缓慢;反流分数(RF)< 20 % [V3] [G23-03]。
  • 中度(M):反流束宽度为RVOT的 25–50 %;中等VC;PHT 100–100 ms;RF 20–39 % [V3] [G23-03]。
  • 重度(G):反流束宽度 > RVOT的 50 %;增宽VC;压力半降时间(PHT)< 100 ms;陡峭舒张期减速斜率伴舒张期血流提前终止(舒张末期前PA-RV压力均等);肺动脉分支中出现全舒张期逆向血流;心脏MRI定量反流分数 ≥ 35–40 %(或按经典标准RF ≥ 50 %)[V3] [C5] [G23-03] [C4]。

分层表现

血流动力学

  • 舒张末期肺动脉与右心室之间舒张期压力迅速均等,残余平均舒张期压力阶差极小(以 mmHg 计低平均压差)[V3] [G23-03]。
  • 右心室容量负荷过重伴RV舒张末期容积显著增加 [C5] [V3]。

心律

  • 正常窦性心律 [C5]。

ECG

  • 右心室容量负荷过重体征:不完全性或完全性右束支传导阻滞伴QRS波群进行性增宽 [E2] [C5]。
  • 存在晚期右心室扩张时电轴右偏 [E1]。

心音与杂音

  • 递减型舒张期杂音:在胸骨左缘第 2–3 肋间(肺动脉瓣区及胸骨左缘)闻及的柔和、低/中调、递减型舒张早至中期杂音,由于PA-RV舒张期压力阶差提前终止通常在S1之前结束 [G1-15] [V3]。(体检提示:在无肺动脉高压的情况下,该杂音不像Graham Steell杂音那样高调或呈吹风样,而是音调更低且持续时间更短)。
  • 吸气时增强:由于静脉回流增加和右心系统充盈,舒张期杂音响度在吸气时增强 [G1-15] [B1]。
  • 第二心音(S2):S2宽分裂,呈生理性或继发于右束支传导延迟的病理性宽分裂 [G1-11]。
  • 右心第三心音(S3):在严重右心室容量负荷过重时在胸骨左下缘闻及 [G1-12]。

动脉脉搏

  • 正常外周动脉脉搏(不表现重度主动脉瓣关闭不全典型的外周舒张期骤落)[B4]。

颈静脉搏动

  • 早期阶段一般正常;若因右心室瓣环扩大继发功能性三尖瓣关闭不全,出现“v”波显著 [B3]。

负荷试验

  • 吸气:增加肺动脉瓣舒张期杂音强度(右心杂音的经典体检反应)[B1] [G1-15]。
  • Valsalva动作:在强力呼气用力相期间杂音减弱,用力后迅速恢复 [B1]。

模拟器严重程度分级

模拟器严重程度分级: 轻度, 中度, 重度
基线心律: 正常窦性心律

亦称为: 肺动脉瓣关闭不全 · 肺动脉瓣反流 · 肺动脉瓣口关闭不全 · 肺动脉反流 · PR

该组中的其他病变

文献来源

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  8. [G1-11] The Second Heart Sound . Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations (1990) . PubMed: 21250183
  9. [G1-12] The Third Heart Sound . Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations (1990) . PubMed: 21250184
  10. [G1-15] Diastolic Murmurs . Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations (1990) . PubMed: 21250187
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