心脏压塞
由于心包积液在张力下积聚使心包内压升高超过正常心腔舒张期压力,阻碍心室充盈所引起的内科急症及急性或亚急性心脏压迫综合征。
定义
由于心包积液在张力下积聚使心包内压升高超过正常心腔舒张期压力,心动周期舒张期继发舒张期持续阻碍心室充盈,导致舒张期压力均等化、每搏输出量急剧下降和梗阻性休克所引起的内科急症及急性或亚急性心脏压迫综合征 [C2] [G6-02] [M5]。
严重程度标准
-
单一级别:失代偿性心脏压塞,特征为病理生理及血流动力学三联征:
- 体循环动脉低血压:收缩压 < 90 mmHg 伴脉压变窄(< 25–30 mmHg)[C2] [G6-02]。
- 定量奇脉:正如参考文献中所定义,“奇脉定义为吸气相收缩压下降 >10 mmHg。在心脏压塞中可观察到奇脉”[B5],且在该临床实体中“在心脏压塞和急性哮喘期间,双心室相互依赖(串联和并联)对左心室每搏输出量的吸气性减少起重要作用”[B5]。因此,“在急诊室早期识别奇脉有助于快速诊断心脏压塞”[B5]。
- 严重升高的颈静脉压:平均静脉压 > 15 cmH₂O 伴显著颈静脉充盈 [B3] [C2]。
- 舒张期压力均等化:平均右心房压、右室舒张末期压及肺毛细血管楔压升高并在 ≤ 5 mmHg 范围内均等(通常为 15–22 mmHg)[G6-02] [M5]。
- 超声心动图诊断标准:
- 右心房舒张期塌陷持续时间超过心动周期的 1/3 [C2] [G6-01]。
- 右心室游离壁舒张早期塌陷 [C2] [G6-01]。
- 下腔静脉扩张充盈(管径 > 21 mm 伴吸气塌陷率 < 50%)[C2] [G6-01]。
- 跨瓣多普勒血流呼吸变异过度增加(吸气时跨二尖瓣血流下降 > 25–30%,三尖瓣血流增加 > 40–50%)[C2] [G6-01]。
分层表现
血流动力学
ECG
颈静脉搏动
模拟器严重程度分级
模拟器严重程度分级:
单一级别
基线心律:
窦性心动过速
亦称为: 心脏压塞 · 心包压塞 · 心包压迫综合征 · 急性心脏压塞 · 心包填塞
该组中的其他病变
相关临床对比
文献来源
- [B3] The jugular venous pressure revisited . Cleve Clin J Med (2013) . DOI: 10.3949/ccjm.80a.13039 PubMed: 24085809
- [B4] The Carotid Pulse . Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations (1990) . PubMed: 21250154
- [B5] Pulsus paradoxus . Eur Respir J (2013) . DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00138912 PubMed: 23222878
- [C2] 2025 ESC Guidelines for the management of myocarditis and pericarditis . Eur Heart J (2025) . DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaf192 PubMed: 40878297
- [E1] AHA/ACCF/HRS recommendations for the standardization and interpretation of the electrocardiogram: part V: electrocardiogram changes associated with cardiac chamber hypertrophy: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology; the American College of Cardiology Foundation; and the Heart Rhythm Society: endorsed by the International Society for Computerized Electrocardiology . Circulation (2009) . DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.191097 PubMed: 19228820
- [G6-01] American Society of Echocardiography clinical recommendations for multimodality cardiovascular imaging of patients with pericardial disease: endorsed by the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance and Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography . J Am Soc Echocardiogr (2013) . DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2013.06.023 PubMed: 23998693
- [G6-02] Acute cardiac tamponade . N Engl J Med (2003) . DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra022643 PubMed: 12917306
- [M5] Pericardial disease . Circulation (2006) . DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.561514 PubMed: 16567581