Ebstein畸形

一种三尖瓣和右心室的先天性畸形,其特征是胚胎期分层障碍,继而导致三尖瓣隔瓣和后瓣向心尖部移位并粘连于右心室心肌。

定义

一种三尖瓣和右心室的先天性畸形,其特征是胚胎期分层障碍,继而导致三尖瓣隔瓣和后瓣向心尖部移位并粘连于右心室心肌。这使得右心室分为两个部分:壁薄的近端“房化”部分(解剖上属心室,但血流动力学上融入右心房)以及变小的远端“功能性”部分。常伴有巨大且呈帆样飘动的三尖瓣前叶、严重三尖瓣关闭不全、右心房极度扩张以及高发的房室旁路(Wolff-Parkinson-White综合征)[C5] [G4-03]。

严重程度标准

  • 轻度(L):
    • 三尖瓣隔瓣向心尖部下移 ≥ 8 mm/m²体表面积(相对于二尖瓣前环的诊断标准),但 < 15 mm/m² [C5] [G4-03]。
    • 轻度三尖瓣关闭不全,功能性右心室大小与功能正常。
  • 中度(M):向心尖部下移 15–20 mm/m²,中度三尖瓣关闭不全,Celermajer指数 0.50–0.99 伴中度右心房扩张 [C5] [G4-03]。
  • 重度(G):
    • 明显向心尖部下移 > 20 mm/m²,重度三尖瓣关闭不全(反流容积 ≥ 45 mL,缩流颈(VC)≥ 7 mm)[C5] [G4-03]。
    • Celermajer指数 ≥ 1.0(右心房面积 + 房化右心室面积 ≥ 功能性心腔面积),巨大右心房,以及功能性右心室收缩功能障碍 [C5] [G4-03] [G4-10]。

分层表现

血流动力学

  • 三尖瓣关闭不全(以 mL 表示的反流容积,反流分数):L < 30 mL(<30%),M 30–44 mL(30–49%),G ≥ 45 mL(≥50%)[C5] [G4-03]。
  • 右心房压力:重度表现中升高,由于巨大心房顺应性高而呈现钝化v波 [B3] [G4-03]。
  • 体循环心输出量:重度表现中由于左心室充盈受损而减少 [C5] [G4-03]。

心律

  • 常见为窦性心律,或经右侧旁路传导的室性预激心律(Wolff-Parkinson-White型预激)(见于 15–25% 的患者)[C5] [G4-03]。
  • 心房颤动、心房扑动及折返性室上性心动过速 [C4] [C5] [G4-03]。

ECG

  • 巨大P波(“喜马拉雅P波” / 肺型P波):由右心房极度扩张和肥厚引起的高尖且振幅显著的P波(II、III、aVF和V1导联 > 3–5 mm)[E1] [G4-03]。
  • 完全性或非典型右束支传导阻滞(完全性右束支传导阻滞伴碎裂形态,V1导联呈多相QRS波)[E2] [G4-03]。
  • Delta波 / WPW图形预激(Delta波伴PR间期缩短及QRS波起始粗钝)[E2] [G4-03]。
  • PR间期延长(1度房室传导阻滞)[E2] [G4-03]。

心音与杂音

  • 第一心音(S1)宽分裂伴“帆音”:S1宽分裂伴显著延迟、高调且清脆的三尖瓣成分(T1)(“帆音”或三尖瓣喀喇音),由巨大前叶在收缩期骤然减速产生 [G1-10] [G4-03]。
  • 第二心音(S2):由于右心室机电延迟出现宽分裂(S2宽分裂)[G1-11] [G4-03]。
  • 三尖瓣关闭不全杂音:胸骨左下缘及剑突处可闻及全收缩期杂音,吸气时增强(Rivero-Carvallo征阳性)[G1-14] [B1] [G4-03]。
  • 多重奔马律(三重律或四重律):分裂的S1伴帆音、分裂的S2以及右心第三心音(S3)和/或第四心音(S4)共同构成的节律 [G1-12] [G1-13] [G4-03]。

动脉脉搏

  • 低排血量表现中颈动脉和外周脉搏细小或正常(细脉)[B4] [G4-03]。

颈静脉搏动

  • 颈静脉怒张伴平均静脉压升高;三尖瓣反流v波可被巨大右心房的极高电容所衰减 [B3] [G4-03]。

负荷试验

  • 深吸气:因右心室静脉回流增加,三尖瓣关闭不全杂音强度显著增强(Rivero-Carvallo动作)[B1] [G4-03]。
  • Valsalva动作:用力相期间杂音减弱,动作解除后迅速恢复并增强 [B1]。

模拟器严重程度分级

模拟器严重程度分级: 轻度, 中度, 重度
基线心律: 完全性右束支传导阻滞

亦称为: Ebstein畸形 · 埃布斯坦畸形 · 三尖瓣下移畸形

该组中的其他病变

文献来源

  1. [B1] Bedside diagnosis of systolic murmurs . N Engl J Med (1988) . DOI: 10.1056/NEJM198806163182404 PubMed: 2897627
  2. [B3] The jugular venous pressure revisited . Cleve Clin J Med (2013) . DOI: 10.3949/ccjm.80a.13039 PubMed: 24085809
  3. [B4] The Carotid Pulse . Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations (1990) . PubMed: 21250154
  4. [C4] 2025 ACC/AHA/HRS/ISACHD/SCAI Guideline for the Management of Adults With Congenital Heart Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines . Circulation (2026) . DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001402 PubMed: 41411375
  5. [C5] 2020 ESC Guidelines for the management of adult congenital heart disease . Eur Heart J (2021) . DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa554 PubMed: 32860028
  6. [E1] AHA/ACCF/HRS recommendations for the standardization and interpretation of the electrocardiogram: part V: electrocardiogram changes associated with cardiac chamber hypertrophy: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology; the American College of Cardiology Foundation; and the Heart Rhythm Society: endorsed by the International Society for Computerized Electrocardiology . Circulation (2009) . DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.191097 PubMed: 19228820
  7. [E2] AHA/ACCF/HRS recommendations for the standardization and interpretation of the electrocardiogram: part III: intraventricular conduction disturbances: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology; the American College of Cardiology Foundation; and the Heart Rhythm Society: endorsed by the International Society for Computerized Electrocardiology . Circulation (2009) . DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.191095 PubMed: 19228822
  8. [G1-10] The First Heart Sound . Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations (1990) . PubMed: 21250175
  9. [G1-11] The Second Heart Sound . Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations (1990) . PubMed: 21250183
  10. [G1-12] The Third Heart Sound . Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations (1990) . PubMed: 21250184
  11. [G1-13] The Fourth Heart Sound . Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations (1990) . PubMed: 21250185
  12. [G1-14] Systolic Murmurs . Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations (1990) . PubMed: 21250186
  13. [G4-03] Ebstein's anomaly . Circulation (2007) . DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.619338 PubMed: 17228014
  14. [G4-10] Congenital heart disease in adults. Second of two parts . N Engl J Med (2000) . DOI: 10.1056/NEJM200002033420507 PubMed: 10655533
  15. [V3] Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation: A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography Developed in Collaboration with the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance . J Am Soc Echocardiogr (2017) . DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2017.01.007 PubMed: 28314623