卵圆孔未闭

由于原发隔(卵圆窝瓣)与继发隔(卵圆窝缘)出生后未完全融合,在卵圆窝水平双房之间解剖上持续存在潜在交通。

定义

由于原发隔(卵圆窝瓣)与继发隔(卵圆窝缘)出生后未完全融合,在卵圆窝水平双房之间解剖上持续存在潜在交通。与真正的房间隔缺损(组织缺失)不同,PFO充当活瓣或隧道,静息时因左心房压力略高于右心房压力而保持闭合,但在右心房压力短暂峰值(Valsalva动作、咳嗽、屏气)期间可开放允许短暂右向左分流 [C5] [G4-01]。

严重程度标准

  • 单一级别:
    • 无持续组织分流的解剖学定义:PFO不代表组织缺损,而是活瓣;在无右心压力病理性升高的情况下,静息时无持续左向右分流 [C5] [G4-01]。
    • 通过Valsalva动作检测和分级右向左分流(RLS):在激发动作(Valsalva)期间通过声学造影超声心动图评估,按前 3 个心动周期内左心房微泡数量分级:少量(3–9 个微泡)、中量(10–30 个)和大量(>30 个或微泡雨/微泡帘)[G4-01]。
    • 来源中缺失静息Qp:Qs数值:文献来源 [G4-01] 未提供数值型Qp:Qs;Qp:Qs ≈ 1.0 的数值是计算模型在无持续血流下的血流动力学特征。

分层表现

血流动力学

  • 肺循环与体循环血流比值:静息时为 1.0(无持续分流)[C5]。
  • 分流方向:静息时无分流;Valsalva动作松弛/释放相期间出现短暂右向左分流 [G4-01]。
  • 正常心腔内压力(平均右心房压、肺动脉收缩压正常)[C5] [G4-01]。

心律

ECG

心音与杂音

  • 心音(S1和S2):正常。S2生理性分裂(吸气时分裂,呼气时融合),与ASD固定的病理性分裂不同 [G1-11] [G4-01]。
  • 杂音:静息或负荷试验时无闻及杂音(瓣膜样隧道不产生可闻及的声学湍流)[G1-14] [G4-01]。

动脉脉搏

  • 正常颈动脉及外周脉搏 [B4]。

颈静脉搏动

  • 正常颈静脉压及波形 [B3]。

负荷试验

  • Valsalva动作:
    • 用力相期间,进入右心房的静脉回流减少。
    • 释放时(骤然松弛相),静脉回流骤然流入使右心房压短暂高于左心房压(RAP > LAP),推开PFO瓣并允许静脉血短暂进入左心房(RA → LA)[G4-01]。
  • 呼吸:S2的正常生理性变异 [G1-11]。

模拟器严重程度分级

模拟器严重程度分级: 单一级别
基线心律: 正常窦性心律

亦称为: 卵圆孔未闭 · 持续性卵圆孔 · 未闭卵圆孔 · PFO

该组中的其他病变

文献来源

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  2. [B3] The jugular venous pressure revisited . Cleve Clin J Med (2013) . DOI: 10.3949/ccjm.80a.13039 PubMed: 24085809
  3. [B4] The Carotid Pulse . Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations (1990) . PubMed: 21250154
  4. [C4] 2025 ACC/AHA/HRS/ISACHD/SCAI Guideline for the Management of Adults With Congenital Heart Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines . Circulation (2026) . DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001402 PubMed: 41411375
  5. [C5] 2020 ESC Guidelines for the management of adult congenital heart disease . Eur Heart J (2021) . DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa554 PubMed: 32860028
  6. [E1] AHA/ACCF/HRS recommendations for the standardization and interpretation of the electrocardiogram: part V: electrocardiogram changes associated with cardiac chamber hypertrophy: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology; the American College of Cardiology Foundation; and the Heart Rhythm Society: endorsed by the International Society for Computerized Electrocardiology . Circulation (2009) . DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.191097 PubMed: 19228820
  7. [E2] AHA/ACCF/HRS recommendations for the standardization and interpretation of the electrocardiogram: part III: intraventricular conduction disturbances: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology; the American College of Cardiology Foundation; and the Heart Rhythm Society: endorsed by the International Society for Computerized Electrocardiology . Circulation (2009) . DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.191095 PubMed: 19228822
  8. [G1-11] The Second Heart Sound . Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations (1990) . PubMed: 21250183
  9. [G1-14] Systolic Murmurs . Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations (1990) . PubMed: 21250186
  10. [G4-01] European position paper on the management of patients with patent foramen ovale. General approach and left circulation thromboembolism . Eur Heart J (2019) . DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy649 PubMed: 30358849